Menuju Perlindungan Maternitas Inklusif: Optimalisasi Skema Jaminan Sosial di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61626/jamsostek.v3i1.102Keywords:
BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, Jaminan Sosial, Perlindungan Maternitas, Pekerja Perempuan, Sektor InformalAbstract
Perlindungan maternitas merupakan hak dasar yang berperan penting dalam mendukung kesejahteraan ibu, anak, dan keluarga, serta memperkuat kesetaraan gender dan pembangunan sosial-ekonomi. Di Indonesia, akses terhadap perlindungan maternitas masih terbatas, terutama bagi pekerja perempuan di sektor informal yang mencakup lebih dari 65% angkatan kerja perempuan. Sebagian besar pekerja informal tidak terlindungi oleh skema perlindungan sosial, sehingga mereka menghadapi risiko kesehatan, kehilangan pendapatan, dan ketidaksetaraan gender. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kebijakan perlindungan maternitas di Indonesia melalui sistem jaminan sosial nasional. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi komparatif berbasis data sekunder, mencakup analisis kebijakan nasional dan praktik baik dari negara lain, seperti Filipina, Laos, Namibia, Mongolia, dan India. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skema jaminan sosial berbasis kontribusi bersama antara pekerja, pemberi kerja, dan pemerintah berpotensi meningkatkan cakupan dan keberlanjutan perlindungan maternitas, termasuk bagi pekerja informal. Namun, penerapan skema ini tentunya membutuhkan tinjauan yang lebih komprehensif. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pengembangan perlindungan maternitas melalui optimalisasi program Jaminan Kecelakaan Kerja (JKK) BPJS Ketenagakerjaan dengan memanfaatkan mekanisme yang telah ada, seperti integrasi Santunan Sementara Tidak Mampu Bekerja (STMB) dan penyediaan perlindungan maternitas sebagai value added bagi peserta. Kebijakan ini diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan pekerja perempuan, memperluas cakupan jaminan sosial, dan mempercepat pencapaian tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan di Indonesia.
Downloads
References
Addati, Laura, Naomi Cassirer, dan Katherine Gilchrist. 2014. Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice across the World. International Labour Organization. Diakses dari https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40dgreports/%40dcomm/%40publ/documents/publication/wcms_242615.pdf
Addati, Laura. 2015. “Extending maternity protection to all women: Trends, challenges, and opportunities.” International Social Security Review, 68(1): 69–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12060
Addati, Laura, Christina Behrendt, & Marieke Wagenhäuser. 2016. Maternity Cash Benefits for Workers in the Informal Economy. Geneva: ILO. Diakses dari https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40asia/%40ro-bangkok/%40ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_537934.pdf
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). 2023. Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional: Agustus 2023.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). 2024. Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional: Agustus 2024.
Betcherman, Gordon. 2015. “Labor Market Regulations: What Do We Know about Their Impacts in Developing Countries?” The World Bank Research Observer 30(1): 124–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lku005
Booth, Andrew, Anthea Sutton, & Diana Papaioannou. 2012. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review. SAGE Publications.
BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. 2021–2024. Laporan pengelolaan program. Retrieved from https://www.bpjsketenagakerjaan.go.id/laporan-pengelolaan-program.html
Brimblecombe, Simon, Pierre Plamondon, Doan Trang Phand, & Ippei Tsuruga. 2023. “Republic of Indonesia: Report to the Government – Financial Assessment of the Social Security Pension Schemes Administered by BPJS Ketenagakerjaan as of 31 December 2020 and Costing of Sickness and Maternity Benefits.” Jakarta: ILO.
Carroll, Grace, Mireya Vilar‑Compte, Graciela Teruel, Meztli Moncada, David Aban‑Tamayo, Heitor Werneck, Ricardo Montes de Moraes, dan Rafael Pérez‑Escamilla. 2022. “Estimating the Costs for Implementing a Maternity Leave Cash Transfer Program for Women Employed in the Informal Sector in Brazil and Ghana.” International Journal for Equity in Health 21(20). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01606-z
Esser, Frank dan Rens Vliegenthart. 2017. “Comparative Research Methods.” The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, edited by J. Matthes, C.S. Davis, and R.F. Potter. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0035
Fallon, Kathleen M., Alissa Mazar, dan Liam Swiss. 2017. “The Development Benefits of Maternity Leave.” World Development 96: 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.007
Hanoum, Fatma Khalida, dan Johanna Debora Imelda. 2025. “The Social Security for Female Workers in Indonesia: A Gender Equality Perspective.” Journal of Gender Equality Disability Social Inclusion and Children 2(2):71–88. doi:10.61511/jgedsic.v2i2.2025.1156.
Hart, Keith. 1973. “Informal sector.” Journal of Economic Development 6(2): 69–79.
Heymann, Jody, Aleta R. Sprague, Arijit Nandi, Alison Earle, Priya Batra, Adam Schickedanz, Paul J. Chung, & Amy Raub. 2017. “Paid parental leave and family wellbeing in the sustainable development era.” Public Health Reviews 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-017-0067-2
Hicks, Janine. 2019. “Campaigning for social security rights: Women in the informal economy and maternity benefits.” Agenda 33(3): 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2019.1609809
Hantrais, Linda. 2009. International Comparative Research: Theory, Methods and Practice. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Indonesia Business Coalition for Women Empowerment (IBCWE). 2023. “Motherhood Penalty Mempengaruhi Karier Perempuan.” Diakses dari https://ibcwe.id/id/motherhood-penalty-mempengaruhi-karier-perempuan/
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2003. Informal Employment in Developing Economies: Challenges and Opportunities. Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2012. Maternity Protection Resource Package: From Aspiration to Reality for All. Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2014. Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the World. Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2015. Social Protection for Maternity: Key Policy Trends and Statistics. Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2016. Maternity Cash Benefits for Workers in The Informal Economy. Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2017. Maternity Income Protection in Southern and Eastern Africa: From Concept to Practice. Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2024. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2024. Geneva: ILO.
International Labour Organization (ILO). 2024a. Understanding Informality and Expanding Social Security Coverage in The Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Diakses dari https://webapps.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_912730.pdf
International Social Security Association (ISSA). 2018. Social security programs throughout the world: Asia and the Pacific. Diakses dari https://www.issa.int/sites/default/files/documents/2020-05/ssptw18asia.pdf
MicroSave Consulting. 2024. Perempuan Pekerja Informal dalam Ekonomi Digital. Diakses dari https://www.microsave.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/PerempuanPekerjaInformal_RingkasanLaporan_IND.pdf
Moussié, Rachel, Ruth Graham Goulder, Shreyasi Jha, Christopher Kip, Grainney Moloney, Leigh Pasqual, Chemba Raghavan, Sarah Rossmann, Erica Wong, Laura Addati, Christina Behrendt, Umberto Cattaneo, Ian Orton & Emanuela Pozzan. 2021. Kebijakan Ramah Keluarga bagi Pekerja di Sektor Ekonomi Informal. Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), & International Labour Organization (ILO). Diakses dari https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media/13036/file
Namibia Statistics Agency. 2017. The Namibia Labour Force Survey 2016 Report. Windhoek: Namibia Statistics Agency.
Nopianti, Wike, Tri Setiady, dan Muhamad Abas. 2024. “Tuntutan Pekerja Terhadap Hak Maternitas Bagi Tenaga Kerja Wanita Hamil yang Tidak Dipenuhi Secara Keadilan Ditinjau dari Perspektif Hukum Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja (Studi Kasus PT. Alpen Food Industry Bekasi).” UNES Law Review 6(3). https://review-unes.com/index.php/law/article/view/1799
Perempuan Mahardhika. 2017. Pelecehan Seksual dan Pengabaian Hak Maternitas pada Buruh Garmen: Kajian Kekerasan Berbasis Gender di KBN Cakung. Jakarta: Perempuan Mahardhika.
Republik Indonesia. 2003. Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan.
Republik Indonesia. 2004. Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional.
Republik Indonesia. 2011. Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2011 Tentang Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial.
Ridev, Ghania Khalisa & Asep Suherman. 2024. “Pengaruh Pemberian Hak Maternitas terhadap Kesejahteraan Pekerja Wanita.” Jurnal Prisma Hukum 8(10).
Sepúlveda Carmona, Magdalena. 2013. “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights: Unpaid Care Work and Women's Human Rights.” United Nations Human Rights Council. Diakses dari https://ssrn.com/abstract=2437791
Setyonaluri, Diahhadi & Resmi Setia Milawati. 2023. “Mendorong Kesejahteraan Perempuan: Menjamin Cuti Maternitas melalui Program Jaminan Sosial Ketenagakerjaan.” Jurnal Perempuan, 28(3), 56–70.
Setyonaluri, Diahhadi, Flora Aninditya, Dinda Srikandi Radjiman, Eka Fasikha, Nurul Fajri, Calvin Aryaputra, dan Ippei Tsuruga. 2023. Cuti maternitas di kota metropolitan Indonesia: Temuan terkait durasi, manfaat dan jaminan pekerjaan. Jakarta: Organisasi Perburuhan Internasional. Diakses dari https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-jakarta/documents/publication/wcms_906943.pdf
Siregar, Adiatma Y. M., Pipit Pitriyan, Donny Hardiawan, Paul Zambrano, Mireya Vilar-Compte, Graciela Ma Teruel Belismelis, Mezti Moncada, David Tamayo, Grace Carroll, Rafael Perez-Escamilla & Roger Mathisen. 2021. “The yearly financing need of providing paid maternity leave in the informal sector in Indonesia.” International Breastfeeding Journal 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00363-7
Snyder, Hannah. 2019. “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines.” Journal of Business Research 104: 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Ulep, Valerie Gilbert, Paul Zambrano, Janice Datu‑Sanguyo, Mireya Vilar‑Compte, Graciela Ma Teruel Belismelis, Rafael Pérez‑Escamilla, Grace J. Carroll, dan Roger Mathisen. 2020. “The financing need for expanding paid maternity leave to support breastfeeding in the informal sector in the Philippines.” Maternal & Child Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13098
UNICEF. 2020. Gender-Responsive Age-Sensitive Social Protection: A Conceptual Framework. Florence: UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Jamsostek

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.